Ways of establishing a kinship relationship: 1.) through marriage -
an affinal relationship; an in-law is an affine; 2.) through a blood tie -
this is called a consanguineal relationship, and an example would
be two brothers; 3.) through some kind of fictive (or "made-up" or
culturally constructed) relationship, such as those people linked through
adoption.

Families: 1.) family of orientation - the family in which a person is born,
adopted into, and in which a person grows up; 2.) family of procreation -
this family if formed when people marry and have children.

Systems of descent: There are two basic ways to trace ancestry in a family,
through both parents or through just one of the parents. With
unilineal descent, people trace their ancestry through either the
father -patrilineal - or the mother - matrilineal.
Unilineal descent systems result in unilineal descent groups.
These groups include lineages and clans.  Most Americans trace their ancestry
through both sides of their families; this is called bilateral descent.

Marriage:
Many of the terms in Chapter 8 are connected to marriage and all
of them relate to fundamental questions about marriage. How many spouses
are preferred or allowed?  Where do people live after they get married?
Cultures must answer these questions and others. I've grouped these
terms under the specific problem or question involved. 1.) Who is an eligible spouse?
Considerations here include: exogamy and endogamy, and the incest taboo.;
2.) Is there a gift exchange? Possibilities are bride-service,  dowry, and brideprice (also called bridewealth
and progeny price. These exchanges are
between families or kin groups, they are not gifts for the newly married
couple; 3.) How many spouses are preferred or allowed?
Some cultures allow only one spouse in a person's lifetime and that is monogamy.
Others, like the U.S., allow one at a time, and that is serial monogamy.
Many cultures allow or prefer some type of polygamy: this might be polygyny
or it might be polyandry; 4.) Where will the newly married couple live?
There are several options here, most of which involve living with one of their families.
The most common types of post-marital residence are neolocality, patrilocality, and
matrilocality.
 
Domestic Groups: Following the different rules related to descent and
marriage results in different kinds of households. These include the nuclear
household and several kinds of extended households. Other possibilities include the patrilineal
extended household, the matrilineal extended household, the polygynous
household, and the polyandrous household.

Other terms: Be sure to review the key terms at the end of this chapter, because I
have not listed all of them here.