| Historical
linguistics synchronic linguistics diachronic linguistics tree diagram mothers, sisters, and daughters sound change assimiliation dissimilation metathesis deletion and insertion monophthongization diphthongization raising and lowering backing and fronting morphological and lexicon change analogy paradigm leveling back formation folk etymology acronyms blending clipping coinage conversion eponymy borrowing syntactic change semantic change semantic extension semantic reduction semantic elevation semantic degradation evolution of english angles, saxons, and jutes northmen normans (french) frisian middle english blending of dialects sound changes consonant dropping great english vowel shift (1400-1600) simplification of grammar noun declensions gender verb conjugation indo-european languages family romance celtic germanic balto-slavic albanian greek armenian indo-iranian proto-indo-european centum and satem homeland nostratic proto-world? false and real cognates Biology of language speech vs communication vs language signs vs symbols syntax (grammar) |
larynx development brain size lateralization roger sperry's split brain research speech centers broca's area wernicke's area angular gyrus aphasias expressive aphasia transcortical motor aphasia receptive aphasia transcortical sensory aphasia conduction aphasia semantic aphasia anomia dyslexia genetics FOXP2 - verbal dyspraxia beginnings of words mama theory ta-ta theory bow-wow theory pooh-pooh theory ding-dong theory yo-he-ho theory sing-song theory hey you theory hocus pocus theory eureka theory beginnings of syntax single words two words one word modifying the other two words connected by a third pidgins and creoles chomsky and "lad" universals tendencies monogenesis vs polygenesis Language development in children infancy cooing > vowels 6 - 10 mo: babbling > consonants fis phenomenon motherese short sentences repetition and redundancy "sing-song" "baby words" embedded in context protoconversation 12 - 18 mo holophrastic overextension and underextension idiolects 18 - 24 mo two word sentences telegraphic speech after 24 mo grammatical constuctions 3 yr olds over-regularization 4 yr olds questions (wh- words) stuttering speech pathologists and therapists |