Personality Theories Outline Part Two

ADLER

• Striving for perfection
• Aggression drive
• Compensation
• Masculine protest
• Striving for superiority
• Life style
• Holism
• Individual Psychology
• Style of life
• Teleology
• The Philosophy of "As If"
• Fictions
• Fictional finalism
• Social interest
• Neurosis
• Organ inferiority
• Psychological inferiority
• Inferiority complex
• Superiority complex
• Psychological types
• Ruling
• Leaning
• Avoiding
• Socially useful
• Childhood
• Prototype
• Pampering
• Neglect
• Birth order
• Only
• First
• Second
• Youngest
• Diagnosis
• Earliest childhood memories
• Body language
• Childhood problems
• Empathy, intuition, guesswork
• Therapy
• Know thyself (fictions, inferiorities, etc.)
• Encourage social interest

HORNEY

• Neurosis as ways of interpersonal control and coping
• Needs become neurotic when...
• Unrealistic
• Unreasonable
• Indiscriminate
• Anxiety
• Neurotic needs
• 1. Affection and approval
• 2. A partner
• 3. Narrow borders
• 4. Power
• 5. Exploit others
• 6. Social recognition
• 7. Personal admiration
• 8. Personal achievement
• 9. Independence
• 10. Perfection
• Coping strategies
• I. Compliance--moving toward--self-effacing
• II. Aggression--moving against--expansive
• III. Withdrawal--moving away from--resigning
• Development
• Basic evil--parental indifference
• Basic hostility
• Basic anxiety
• Coping strategies
• I. If you love me, you will not hurt me
• II. If I have power, I shall not be hurt
• III. If I withdraw, nothing can hurt me
• Self theory
• Self-realization
• Despised self
• Ideal self
• Tyrrany of the shoulds

ELLIS
 

• REBT -- Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
• ABC
• A -- activating experiences
• B -- beliefs, especially the irrational, self-defeating beliefs
• C -- consequences, the neurotic symptoms and negative emotions
• DE
• D -- the therapist disputes the irrational beliefs
• E -- positive psychological effects
• Thinking errors
• 1.  ignoring the positive,
• 2.  exaggerating the negative
• 3.  overgeneralizing.
• 12 Irrational Ideas
• Three main irrational beliefs:
• 1.  “I must be outstandingly competent, or I am worthless.”
• 2.  “Others must treat me considerately, or they are absolutely rotten.”
• 3.  “The world should always give me happiness, or I will die.”
• The therapist argues against these irrational ideas
• 1.  Is there any evidence for this belief?
• 2.  What is the evidence against this belief?
• 3.  What is the worst that can happen if you give up this belief?
• 4.  And what is the best that can happen?
• Unconditional self-acceptance

FROMM

• Freedom
• Freud: behavior determined by unconscious / biology
• Animals have instincts
• Marx: behavior determined by society / economics
• Traditional societies have tradition
• Fromm: transcendence of determinism
• Modern society "burdens" us with freedom
• Escape from freedom
• Authoritarianism
• Masochistic
• Sadistic
• Destructiveness
• Automaton conformity
• Family origins
• Symbiotic families
• Parent "swallows" child
• Child "swallows" parent
• Withdrawing families
• Cold, puritanical type
• Modern, infantile type
• The social unconscious
• Orientations
• I. Receptive orientation
• Expects to get
• Passive member of symbiotic family
• "Masochistic" authoritarianism
• Peasantry
• II. Exploitative orientation
• Expects to take
• Active member of symbiotic family
• "Sadistic" Authoritarianism
• Aristocracy
• III. Hoarding orientation
• Expects to keep
• Cold withdrawal family
• Perfectionism or destructiveness
• Bourgeoisie
• IV. Marketing orientation
• Expects to sell
• Modern withdrawal family
• Automaton conformity
• Modern society
• V. Productive orientation
• Love and reason
• Acceptance of freedom and responsibility
• Humanistic communitarian socialism
• Being (vs. having) mode
• Evil
• Biophilia
• Necrophilia
• Human needs
• Relatedness
• Creativity
  
• Identity
• Rootedness
• Frame of orientation
  

BANDURA

• Reciprocal determinism
• Psychological processes
• Imagery
• Language
• Modeling (observational learning)
• Bobo doll experiment
• Steps
• Attentional processes
• Dampers
• Model's characteristics
• Retention
• Imagery
• Verbal description
• Reproduction
• Prior abilities
• Practice
• Motivation
• Reinforcement
• Incentives
• Vicarious reinforcement
• Punishment
• Threats
• Vicarious punishment
• Self-regulation
• Self-observation
• Judgement
• Standards
• Self-response
• Rewarding self-responses
• Punishing self-responses
• Self-concept
• Compensation
• Inactivity
• Escape
• Therapy
• Self-control therapy
• Behavioral charts or diaries
• Environmental planning
• Self-contracts
• Modeling therapy