Ming decline

Fiscal trouble
Global factors

Cooling of climate
17th c.
Decrease of silver in world economy
1630s

Rebellions

Li Zicheng, 1630-1644
Zhang Xianzhong

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

Manchus

Manchuria

Jurchen

Khan/Emperors

Nurhaci (1559-1626)

Abahai (1592-1643)

Beijing 1644

Jinshan Park

Shanhaiguan

Wu Sangui

Shunzhi (r. 1644-61)

Reasons for Manchu Success

Late Ming disarray

Banner Military system

Three Feudatories

Wu Sangui (Yunnan, Guizhou)

Shang Zhixin (Guangdong)

Geng Jingzhong (Fujian)

Kangxi (r. 1661-1722)

Oboi

Kangxi's conquests

Taiwan (1683)

Zunghar Mongols (1696)

Tibet (1720)

Discussion, The Manchu Way

1. What are Elliott’s views on the nature of ethnicity (pp. 16-20)? Do they seem controversial to you?
2. What are some of the previous views of historians in regard to Manchu ethnicity and their role in Chinese history? How does Elliot challenge them?
3. According to Elliot, how was Manchu ethnicity created and maintained? Does Elliott clearly distinguish Banners from Manchus?