Lifan Yuan (Office of Border Affairs)
Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1689
“Brotherly relations”
Ministry of Rituals
Vassal
Macao
1557
Renewed 1678
Lion presented as tribute
Official trade monopoly, 1759
Hoppo
Factories ("Barbarian Houses")
Pearl River
Hong established for SE Asian and Fujian Traders
Trade entrepot for Russians
Kiakhtah, 1727
British East India Company
American Colonies
India
Canton to 1834
Representative of King George III and East India Company
Qianlong's 83rd Birthday
Expanded trading privileges
Embassy in Peking
“We possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures...It behooves you, O King, to respect my sentiments and to display even greater devotion and loyalty in the future, so that, by perpetual submission to our Throne, you may secure peace and prosperity for your country thereafter.”
20,000 lbs., 1700
5,000,000 lbs., 1760
23,000,000 lbs., 1800
50% of British China trade
£20 million deficit, 1710-60
Columbian exchange
Dutch controlled Taiwan, 1624-62
Tobacco Pipe
Tobacco-opium mixture
Qing conquest of Taiwan 1683
Number of addicts
100,000 in 1800
10 million in 1839
Special imperial commissioner, 1838
Confiscation and destruction of opium, March 1839
Population in 1800
Britain, 10.5 million
China, 300 million
Area (today)
Britain, 244,820 sq. km. (ranked 86th)
China, 9,596,960 sq. km. (ranked 4th)
“Gunboat diplomacy”
Blockade key waterways
Capture of Zhoushan, July 1840, Aug. 1841
Mouth of Yangzi River
Zhenjiang on Grand Canal, July 1842
Siege of Nanjing, Aug. 1842
$21 million silver dollars indemnity
Abolition of the Hong trading system
5 treaty ports
Canton
Xiamen (Amoy)
Fuzhou (Foochow)
Ningbo (Ningpo)
Shanghai
Cession of Hong Kong
Fixed tariffs (av. 5%)
Extraterritoriality for British subjects
Most-favored-nation clause