*Han Chinese
Ethnic minorities
China Proper
From Manchuria
Conquered
Inner Mongolia
China Proper
Tibet
Xinjiang
Ecology
Forest, desert and steppe
Traditional economy
Pastoral nomadism
Oasis agriculture
Japanese geographers coined name around 1800
Called “Northeast” (Dongbei 東北) in modern Chinese
Jurchen
Jin Dynasty
Ruled North China from 1115 to 1234
Ecology
Forest
Steppe
Tribal
Lifestyles
Hunting and fishing
Herding
Farming
Fur trading
*Nurhachi (1559-1626)
Wars of Jurchen unification
Khan, 1607
Emperor of Jin Dynasty, 1616
“Radiant emperor who Heaven has designated to nourish the many countries”
Conquered Liaodong, 1618-1621
Capital at Mukden (Shenyang)
*Hong Taiji (Abahai) (1592-1643)
Khalkha Mongol allegiance, 1638
Political-Cultural policies
Coins term “Manchu”
Renames dynasty “Qing” in 1636
Fully implements Chinese-style bureaucratic system
*Emperor Shunzhi, r. 1644-61
6 years old upon enthronement
*Dorgon, d. 1650, Regent
Capture of Beijing, 1644
Wu Sangui
Stationed at Shanhaiguan
Li Zicheng, 1630-1644
Beijing captured, 1644
Zhang Xianzhong 1630-47
Chinese-style bureaucracy
*Banner military system
8 banners each of:
Manchus
Cavalry and leadership
Mongols
Cavalry
Han Chinese
Infantry
Government officials to supply army
North China
Rebels
Li Zicheng, 1645
South China, 1645-61
Rebels
Zhang Xianzhong, 1647
Ming loyalists
Sack of Yangzhou, 1645
Prince of Fu, d. 1645, Nanjing
Prince of Gui, d. 1661, Burma
Manchus around Beijing
Mongols on north and northwestern frontiers
Han Chinese in North China
What is significance of this hairstyle?
2 Presidents and vice-presidents of each ministry
Dual Manchu-Han control of civil administration
2 Presidents and vice-presidents of each ministry
Chinese and Manchus as administrative languages
Civil service exams reinstated, 1646
North China
Regular local administration
South China
*“The Three Feudatories”
Wu Sangui in Yunnan, Guizhou
Former Ming general
Shang Kexi in Guangdong
Bannerman
Geng Jimao in Fujian
Bannerman
1. Why does Elliott entitle Chapter 4 “The Dilemma of Manchu Success”?
2. What measures did Qianlong take to revive Manchu culture and identity? o According to Elliott, how effective were these measures? What is your opinion?
3. What were Qianlong’s tours? Why did Chinese bureaucrats oppose imperial touring?
4. Qianlong’s 72 tours were an all-time record for rulers of China. Why does Elliott say that “the political and the personal inescapably intertwined” (p. 84) in Qianlong’s reasons for going on tour? Why do you think that he was driven to tour so frequently?