GEO230: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
Citing
Your Sources
You must give credit to the authors and sources from which you obtain information to write your projects. You will need to list your sources in two places and in two ways. First, let's deal with citations in the body of your memo and on your attachments.
Citations Within the Memo Itself
First, you must cite your sources in the body of your memo and on the individual attachments (maps, charts, graphs, etc.) that you create. You need to cite not only quotations, but also ideas.A good rule of thumb, since each paragraph contains at least one major idea would be to have a minimum of 1 citation per paragraph. ALL TABLES, CHARTS, MAPS, etc. MUST HAVE SOURCES LISTED.
Stylistically, this is quite easy. Simply list the author and the date of the work you are citing in parentheses following the quote or idea. In the case of quotations, you must also list the page number. If there is no author, just list the organization that produced the documents or web page (NOT the web page address) that you used. The web address only goes in the bibliography.
Example #1 -- a quotation: list the author(s), date of publication and page number in parentheses at the end of the sentence with the quotation. There are many ways in which to organize an economic system, and in each system, differences in the control and employment of the factors of production can be distinguished. "With the slave mode of production, for example, the labourer is bought and sold, along with other instruments of production, by the slave owner" (Knox and Agnew 1998, p. 7). |
Most of the time, you will be citing ideas rather than quotations because you will be paraphrasing and reporting the work of others rather than repeating it verbatim.
Example #2 -- an idea: list author and the date in parentheses at the end of the relevant sentence. In this case you are saying essentially the same thing as in example #1, but you have put it into your own words. There are many ways in which to organize an economic system, and in each system, differences in the control and employment of the factors of production can be distinguished. Unlike a capitalist system in which laborers are free to sell their time and skills in an open market and are paid a wage for doing so, a slave-based system is characterized by laborers that are owned against their will and are forced to work with no payments for their work (Knox and Agnew 1998). |
You will also list, using the author and date system, the sources you use for your tables and graphs. Simply list these sources at the bottom of the page below your graphic (there may be several sources for an individual graphic). For example, suppose you created a map of population distribution for your country. You got your base map from one source (Say, XYZ) and your population information from another source (say, ABC). At the bottom of your map, you might include the following:
Do not list Web addresses in your text or on tables, charts, maps, etc. As you know, many web addresses are very long and it can be distracting to list them anywhere other than in the bibliography. Therefore, the complete web address ONLY belongs in the bibliography. For example, if you are citing a UN Website, your entry would be (UN 2001) ... or, whatever year the Website information comes from. Then, in your full bibliographic entry you would list the entire address.
The Bibliography
At the end of your project, you must include a page that lists the full bibliographic citations of the work you have used. Typically this includes (where relevant) the author, date of publication, title of the [article, book, website, periodical], volume number of the magazine, journal, newspaper, etc. [if it is a periodical], publisher, and web address if relevant.
For your Bibliography, we will follow (essentially) the Chicago Style. Follow the following link to the LIU/CW Post Web Site for complete information on how to list various types of documents … including Web Sites …. in your bibliography. However, please note the following modifications to what they say:
If you have any questions, please come to see me!