This guide will help you to study for the exam by emphasizing key concepts concerning the various ways the forces of evolution can be applied to the fossil human record. For each of the following terms and concepts that we have discussed, you should be able to:

 1.provide fossil evidence to show how a particular fossil Homo species from particular sites can be argued to be ancestral to modernHomo sapiens
2.know approximate dating ranges for when a particular fossil Homo species existed
3.know the arguments for the likely ancestor of modernHomo sapiens and why?

Concepts and Terms
Homo erectus (1.8 mya - 30,000 ya)
anatomical features
Early erectus/ergaster sites
Koobi Fora, Africa
ER-3883 - male
ER-3733 - female
NWT- 15000
12 yr old boy from Nariokotome
evidence for meat eating
    hypervitaminosis A
    tapeworm genetics
Sangiran, Java - Indonesia, 1.8-1.6 mya
Trinil, Java
Ngandong, Java - 27,000 ya
Dmanisi, Georgia- 1.7 mya
Middle Pleistocene sites
Zhoukoudian, China
European Muddle in Middle
Acheulian hand axes
fire
group hunting
Homo only sites
Hand axe only sites
Living sites
Terra Amata, France
huts
Evolution of Spoken Language
Phonation - J. Laitman
Articulation - L. Duchin

Archaic H. sapiens (400,000-30,000 ya)
Early archaics (400,000 - 150,000)
Homo heidelbergensis
anatomical traits
Arago, France
Petralona, Greece
Dali, China
Bodo, Ethiopia 
Kabwe, Zambia

Late archaics (250,000 - 30,000 ya)
Neandertals - Near East/Europe
distinctive anatomical traits
cold weather adapted body build
Middle Paleolithic culture
encounter hunting strategy
no use of  rocks in fires
use of thrusting spears
Mousterian prepared-core flake tools
Human burial
    Shanidar, Iraq
    Tabun, Israel
    La Chapelle aux Saints, France

Homo sapiens sapiens (100,000- present)
distinctive anatomical traits
Africa - Border Cave (100,000 ya)
vertical forehead
Klasies River Mouth - mandible with chin
China - Liukiang (67,000 ya)
flat face
Australia - Kow Swamp (25,000 ya)
Near East - Mount Carmel Caves
Skhul - 90,000 ya
Qafzeh - 90,000 ya
Amud - intermediate traits
Europe - Cro-Magnon (40,000 - 12,000 ya)
Predmost
Velho - Portuguese boy
Upper Paleolithic blade tools
cave art
Lascaux
jewelry
music
atlatl
Venus figurines
specialized big game hunting
mammoth bone huts
tailored clothing - bone needles, lice DNA evolution

Theories for Demise of Neandertals

Homo sapiens neandertalensis vs. Homo neandertalensis
Role of four forces of evolution in explaining each competing theory
Eve theory - replacement /Recent African Origins (RAO)
Cann and Stringer
mtDNA sampling
Cro-Magnon vs. Neandertals in Europe
Multiregional Evolution (MRE) - Wolpoff
    differential effects of four forces of evolution at center (Africa/Middle East)
    vs. edge (glaciated Europe and East Asia) of Homo sapiens range
Late Pleistocene Australians and Aborigines
Chinese shovel-shaped incisors

Global Issues and Today's World
cultural evolution and its by products
memes
    internet
    cell phones
    insulin
    birth control  
    pollution
    global warming
 endangered species and extinctions
    honey bees
    frogs
    blue birds
    bald eagles vs. great cormorants
    coral colonies