Def. 14. A figure is that which is contained by any boundary or boundaries. These are rather nebulous definitions since they are based on the undefined terms "extremity" and "contained by." Euclid deals with two kinds of figures in the Elements: plane figures and solid figures. Plane figures are defined in the upcoming definitions: circles and semicircles in I.Def.15 and I.Def.18, rectilinear figures in I.Def.19 and particular kinds of rectilinear figures such as triangles and quadrilaterals following that. Specific solid figures such as spheres, cones, pyramids, and various polyhedra are defined in Book XI. Plane figures are not solid figures since they are not contained by any boundaries in space. Thus, implicit to the concept of figure is the ambient plane or space of the figure.
The modern subject of topology studies space in a different way than geometry does. The geometric concepts of straightness, distance, and angle are excluded from topology, but the concept of boundary is central to topology. In topology, a sphere remains a sphere even when it's squeezed or stretched.
Not everything has a boundary. For instance, the circumference of a circle has no boundary. Also a spherical surface has no boundary. In topology, a finite region with no boundary is called a cycle. Circles and spherical surfaces are cycles. In general, if something is a boundary, it has no boundary itself. So boundaries are cycles. But not all cycles are boundaries.
Topology uses observation to distinguish various spaces. For instance, on a spherical surface, every circle is the boundary of a region on that surface. But on a toroidal surface (rotate a circle around a line in the plane of the circle that doesn't meet the circle), there are circles (for instance, that circle mentioned parenthetically) that don't bound any region on the surface. Thus, spherical surfaces are topologically different from toroidal surfaces.
Other figures may be considered if other ambient spaces are allowed, although Euclid only uses plane and solid figures. For a one-dimensional example, a line segment could be considered to be a figure in an infinite line with its endpoints as its boundary. Also, a hemisphere could be considered to be a figure on the surface of a sphere with the equator as its boundary.
Book I Introduction - Definitions 11 and 12 - Definitions 15 through 18.