Euclid's Elements, Book I, Proposition 19

Proposition 19

In any triangle the side opposite the greater angle is greater.
Let ABC be a triangle having the angle ABC greater than the angle BCA. I say that the side AC is greater than the side AB.
	If not, either AC equals AB or it is less than it.
	Now AC does not equal AB, for then the angle ABC would equal the angle ACB, but it does not. Therefore AC does not equal AB.	I.5
	Neither is AC less than AB, for then the angle ABC would be less than the angle ACB, but it is not. Therefore AC is not less than AB.	I.18
And it was proved that it is not equal either. Therefore AC is greater than AB.
Therefore in any triangle the side opposite the greater angle is greater.
Q.E.D.

As mentioned before, this proposition is a disguised converse of the previous one. As Euclid often does, he uses a proof by contradiction involving the already proved converse to prove this proposition. It is not that there is a logical connection between this statement and its converse that makes this tactic work, but some kind of symmetry involved. In this case, if one side is less than another, then the other is greater than the one, and the previous proposition applies. So the relevant symmetry is between "less" and "greater."

The law of sines

Although some of the geometric underpinnings of trigonometry appear in the Elements, trigonometry itself does not. Trigonometry makes its appearance among later Greek mathematics where the the basic trigonometric function is the chord, which is related to the sine.

Without going into details, the law of sines contains more precise information about the relation between angles and sides of a triangle than this and the last proposition did. The law of sines states that

(sin A)/BC = (sin B)/AC = (sin C)/AB.

Alternately, the first equation may be read a proportion

sin A is to sin B as BC is to AC.

In other words, the sine of an angle in a triangle is proportional to the opposite side. (Proportions aren't defined in the Elements until Book V.)

Use of Proposition 19

This proposition is used in the proofs of propositions I.20, I.24, and some others in Book III.

Book I Introduction - Proposition 18 - Proposition 20.