Map and Timeline: The 1800s
Europe in 1815, after Napoleon's defeat
1801 Pinel writes text on Moral Therapy
1804 Immanuel Kant dies
1804 Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of
France
1807 Hegel completes The Phenomenology of Spirit
1808 Reil coins term "psychiatry"
1810 Gall publishes the first volume of Anatomie et Physiologie du Système Nerveux
1811 Sir Charles Bell reports to associates at a dinner party the anatomical separation of sensory and motor function of spinal cord
1815 Napoleon surrenders at Waterloo; the Peace of Paris ends the Napoleonic Wars; the Congress of Vienna firms up the old European monarchies
1816 Johann Friedrich Herbart publishes Lehrbuch zur Psychologie
Herbart's text introduces the concept of repression1819 Schopenhauer writes The World as Will and Idea
1822 François Magendie publishes an article which postulates the separation of sensory and motor function of the spinal cord
1831 Goethe completes Faust -- he dies the following year
1834 Johannes Müller publishes Handbuch des Physiologie des Menschen
1834 The German Customs Union - a
major step towards German unification
1835 Colt invents the revolver
1842 Auguste Comte completes his six-volume Course in Positive Philosophy
1843 Kierkegaard publishes Either/Or and Fear and Trembling
1845 Morton uses ether as an
anesthetic
The Irish famine -- over one
million
die and another million leave Ireland
1847 Marx and Engels
publish
The
Communist Manifesto
1848 Haucock performs first
appendix
operation
1855 Herbert Spencer publishes the two volumes of the Principles of Psychology
Alexander Bain publishes The Senses and the Intellect1856 Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz publishes the first volume of the Handbuch der physiologischen Optik
1859 Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of the Species
Alexander Bain publishes The Emotions and the Will1860 Gustav Fechner publishes The Elements of Psychophysics
1861 Paul Broca shows that the loss of speech in one individual is due to a lesion in third convolution of the left frontal lobe
1861 Italy is united under Victor
Emmanuel II for the first time since the Roman Empire
The abolition of serfdom in
Russia
frees 40 million serfs
1862-1865 The American Civil War
frees
4 million slaves -- over 600,000 soldiers die
1863 Wilhelm Wundt publishes Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology
I. M. Sechenov publishes a monograph Reflexes of the Brain, in which he attempts to analyze the higher order functions in terms of the reflex schema1864 Louis Pasteur invents "pasteurization"
1865 Mendel discovers the laws of genetics
1867 Lister invents antiseptic surgery
1869 Francis Galton publishes Hereditary Genius and uses the normal distribution for purposes of classification
Von Hartmann writes Philosophy of the Unconscious1870 G. Fritsch and E. Hitzig realize the first direct electric stimulation of the brain
1871 Charles Darwin publishes The Descent of Man
1871 Germany finally united under Prussian leadership: "The Second Reich"
1873 Wundt publishes Principles of Physiological Psychology
1874 Franz Brentano publishes Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
1876 Alexander Bain establishes Mind, the first journal devoted to psychological research
1879 Wundt establishes the first psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany
Lightner Witmer uses the term clinical psychology for the first time1882 Charcot opens clinic at Salpetriere
Christine Ladd Franklin completes the doctoral program in mathematics at Johns Hopkins -- no degree granted due to prohibition against granting doctorates to women!1883 Francis Galton publishes Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development
Wundt establishes the journal Philosophische Studien to publish the results of his laboratory research1884 William James publishes What is an Emotion?Kraepelin publishes list of disorders
Nietzsche publishes Thus Spake Zarathustra
1885 Hermann Ebbinghaus writes On Memory
1885-6 Freud studies hypnotism under Charcot
1886 Louis Pasteur cures rabies
1889 William James publishes The Principles of Psychology
1890 Ehrenfels writes About the Qualities of the Gestalt
1892 The American Psychological Association is founded with 42 members
Edward Titchener introduces his version of Wundt's structuralism to America.1893 Oswald Külpe publishes Outline of Psychology
1894 John Dewey publishes The Ego as Cause
Margaret Floy Washburn becomes the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology; Her dissertation was supervised by Titchener1895 Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud publish Studies in Hysteria
Gustave Le Bon publishes Psychologie des Foules1896 Dewey publishes in the Psychological Review his famous article The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology
Lightner Witmer establishes at the University of Pennsylvania a clinic of psychology, the first psychological clinic in America and perhaps in the world1897 Wundt publishes Outlines of Psychology
1898 Titchener publishes The Postulates of a Structural Psychology
E. L. Thorndike publishes Animal Intelligence
© Copyright C. George Boeree 2000