| Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis | Behaviorism | Phenomenology, Gestalt, Humanism,
and Existentialism |
Cognitive Psychology/ Artificial Intelligence | Modern Medicine and Physiology |
| 1863 Sekhenov: Reflexes of the Brain | ||||
| 1866 Gregor Mendel discovers the principles of heredity | ||||
| 1869 von Hartmann: Philosophy of the Unconscious | ||||
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1870 The Dogma of Papal
Infallibility announced
1870 - 1871 The Franco-Prussian War 1871 - The foundation of the German Reich, with Prussia in the driver's seat |
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| 1874 Brentano: Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint | ||||
| 1882 Charcot opens clinic at Salpêtrière | ||||
| 1883 Kraepelin publishes list of disorders | 1883 Nietzsche publishes Thus Spake Zarathustra | |||
| 1885-6 Freud studies hypnosis with Charcot | 1885 Hermann Ebbinghaus: On Memory | |||
| 1890 Ehrenfels: About the Qualities of the Gestalt | ||||
| 1895 Breuer and Freud: Studies in Hysteria | 1895 Roentgen invents the X-ray | |||
| 1900 Freud: Interpretation of Dreams | 1900 Husserl: Logical Investigations | |||
| 1906 Pavlov publishes first conditioning studies | 1906 Golgi and Ramon y Cajal win the Nobel for discovering the synapse | |||
| 1907 Jung meets Freud; Adler invited to join Freud's circle | 1907 Bekhterev: Objective Psychology | |||
| 1909 Freud, Jung, et al speak at Clark University | ||||
| 1910 Thomas Morgan discovers chromosomes | ||||
| 1911 Adler forms his own Individual Psychology society | 1911 Thorndike: Animal Intelligence | |||
| 1912 McDougall: Psychology: The Study of Behavior | 1912 Wertheimer publishes paper on perception of movement | |||
| 1913 Watson: Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It | 1913 Köhler does chimpanzee studies | |||
| 1914 Jung splits from Freud, begins his "dark years" | ||||
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1914 World War I begins:
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia after the assassination of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo; Russia backs Serbia; Germany
honors alliance with Austria-Hungary and declares war on France when it
refuses neutrality and honors its alliance with Russia; Germany invades
Belgium and Great Britain steps in
1917 The Russian Revolution 1917 The US enters the war 1918 Armistice is declared 1919 The Treaty of Versailles: Breakup of the Austrian-Hungarian Emprie and severe punishment of Germany |
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| 1921 The Gestalt journal Psychologische Forschung first published | 1921 Loewi discovers the first neurotransmitter, acetylcholine | |||
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1922 Fascist Mussolini granted
unrestricted power in Italy
1922 Irish Free State established |
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| 1922 Tolman presents "a new formula for behaviorism" | ||||
| 1923 Wertheimer: Laws of Organization | ||||
| 1924 Koffka: The Growth of Mind | ||||
| 1926 Hermann J. Muller creates mutations in fruit flies with X-rays | ||||
| 1927 Alfred Adler: Understanding Human Nature |
1927 Köhler: The Mentality of Apes | |||
| 1927 Heidegger: Being and Time | ||||
| 1929 Berger invents the EEG | ||||
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1929 Stalin establishes
totalitarian rule in the Soviet Union
1929 The collapse of the New York Stock Market and causes the depression - depression follows next year in Europe |
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| 1930 Skinner publishes his
first paper on conditioning |
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| 1932 Tolman: Purposive Behavior in Men and Animals | 1932 Jean Piaget: The Moral Judgement of the Child |
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1933 Hitler sworn in as
Chancellor: basic civil rights suspended "to protect the German
people"
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| 1935 Lewin: A Dynamic Theory of Personality | 1935 Moniz performs the first lobotomy | |||
| 1936 Anna Freud: The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense |
1936 Alan M. Turing, of Cambridge publishes a paper which introduces the Turing machine. | |||
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1936 - 1939 The Spanish Civil
War: fascist Franco wins
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| 1937 Karen Horney: The Neurotic Personality of our Time |
1937 Allport: Personality | |||
| 1938 Skinner: The Behavior of Organisms | 1938 The first use of electroshock | |||
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1938 Austrians choose to become a
part of Germany
1939 World War II begins: Germany takes over Czechoslovakia and proceeds to invade Poland; Britain and France declare war on Germany; Russia takes eastern Poland and invades Finland 1939 - 1941 Action T4 - the systematic extermination of people with physical or mental abilities - in effect in Germany 1940 - Germany takes Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, and Belgium; by June, Paris has fallen; Italy allies with Germany |
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| 1940 Ludwig von Bertalanffy: Problems of Life | ||||
| 1941 Fromm: Escape from Freedom | ||||
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1941 Germany invades Russia
without warning; Japan attacks Pearl Harbor; US and Soviet Union enter
war against Germany, Italy, Japan, and their allies
1942 Systematic extermination of Jews and other "undesirables" (Romany, labor unionists, communists, homosexuals...) begins |
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| 1942 Jean Piaget: Psychology of Intelligence. | ||||
| 1943 Hull: Principles of Behavior | 1943 Binswanger: Grundformen
und Erkenntnis menschlichen Daseins |
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1943 Italy falls to the allies
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| 1944 Turing: Machine Intelligence | ||||
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1944 Operation Overlord, the
invasion at Normandy, begins
1945 Germany surrenders; Hitler commits suicide 1945 US drops atomic bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima; Japan surrenders World War II cost over 55 million lives 1945 The UN is established; the "Cold War" between the US and the USSR begins |
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| 1945 John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert and their team at the University of Pennsylvania, complete ENIAC | ||||
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1946 India becomes
independent; French, British, and other empires begin to
disintegrate
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| 1947 Goldstein: The Organism | ||||
| 1948 Skinner: Walden II | 1948 Frankl: Experiences in a Concentration Camp | 1948 Norbert Wiener: Cybernetics | ||
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1948 The state of Israel is
declared, despite strong Arab opposition
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| 1949 Donald Hebb: The Organization of Behavior. | 1949 John Cade discovers the beneficial effects of lithium | |||
| 1950 Erik Erikson: Childhood and Society |
1950 Rollo May: The Meaning of Anxiety |
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1950 - 1953 The Korean War;
North Korea was supported by the Chinese, South Korea by the UN,
especially the US
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| 1951 Rogers: Client-Centered Therapy | ||||
| 1952 Laborit discovers the first antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine (Thorazine) | ||||
| 1953 Watson and Crick discover the structure of the DNA molecule | ||||
| 1954 Carl Jung: Von dem Wurzeln des Bewusstseins |
1954 Gordon Allport: The Nature of Prejudice |
1954 Olds discovers the "pleasure center" of rats | ||
| 1954 Abraham Maslow: Motivation and Personality |
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| 1955 George Kelly: Psychology of Personal Constructs |
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| 1956 George A. Miller publishes 7 +/- 2 paper. | ||||
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1956 The Hungarian Revolution
squashed by Russian troops; many fear World War III
1957 The European Economic Union ("Common Market") established 1957 Sputnik - the first satellite - launched into space |
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| 1957 Albert Ellis: How to Live with a Neurotic |
1957 Noam Chomsky: Syntactic Structures | |||
| 1960 Miller: Plans and the Structure of Behavior | ||||
| 1961 May, et al edit Existential Psychology | ||||
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1961 Yuri Gagarin - the first man
in space
1961 The Berlin Wall erected 1962 The Cuban missle crisis: Russians try to put nuclear weapons in Cuba and the US blockades; we come very close to a nuclear World War III |
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| 1963 Sernbach discovers the antianxiety drug diasepam (Valium) | ||||
| 1967 Hans Eysenck: The Biological Basis of Personality | 1967 Ulric Neisser: Cognitive Psychology | |||
| 1969 ARPANET (future Internet) links first two computers at UCLA and Stanford Research Institute. | ||||
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1969 Neil Armstrong - the first
man on the moon
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| 1972 Hounsfield invents the CAT scan | ||||
| 1973 Albert Bandura: Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis |
1973 Snyder and Pert discover endorphin | |||
| 1974 D. T. Wong discovers fluoxetine (Prozac) | ||||
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1975 The Fall of Saigon ends the
Vietnam War; Vietnam had been fighting for self-rule since 1945, first
against the French and since 1959 against the US
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| 1976 Neisser: Cognition and Reality | ||||
| 1977 Damadian's first MRI |
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| 1977 a virus is the first creature to have its complete genome revealed | ||||
| 1980 First AAAI conference at Stanford | ||||
| 1981 the PET scan invented | ||||
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1989 The Berlin Wall comes down;
Germany is reunited
1991 Mikhail Gobachev orders the dismantling of the Soviet Union; the Cold War ends |
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| 1997 "Deep Blue" beats Kasparov, the best chess player in the world. | ||||
| 2000 HGP and Celera announce that they have completed working drafts of the human genome | ||||
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