Long period of experimentation
Breeding, Training, Equipment
Pontic steppe
Regular migration patterns
Summer in highlands
Winter in sheltered lowlands
Improved bridle, bit, saddle
Compound bow
Pazyryk burial goods, 5th c. BCE:
http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/museums/shm/shmpazyryk.html
Inner Mongolia, 6th c. BCE
Isolated pockets of Scythic nomads
Pastoral nomads living among agro-pastoralists Scythian invaders? Internal evolution based upon outside stimulus?
Agro-pastoralists
Bronze metallurgy
ca. 2800 BCE
Small knife
ca. 2000 BCE
50 small bronze objects
Neolithic synthesis
Millet
Pigs and horses
Painted pottery
Near Luoyang in W. Henan
Large-scale bronze works
2 dozen vessels and a few bells and weapons
Foundry covering 10,000 sq meters
Bactria (Silk road oasis) ca. 1000 BCE
Tuva (S. Siberia/N. Mongolia steppe) 8th c. BCE
N. Ordos (China's steppe borderlands) ca. 700 BCE
Xinjiang (Sinkiang) oases, p. 71
Ch'a-wu-hu-kou culture, 10th-7th c. BCE
E. Zhou (Chou) 7th c. BCE
Invasion, 1045 BCE
700,000 Shang vs. 45,000 Zhou troops?
Moral basis for government
Religious sanction for government
Di=high god
King
Tian (Sky/Heaven)=high god
Inner Eurasian origins?
King and Son of Heaven
Spring and Autumn Period, 770-404 BCE
Spring and Autumn Annals of Lu, 722-481
Chunqiu (Ch'un ch'iu)
Commentary of Mr. Zuo, 722-468 BCE
Zuozhuan (Tso-chuan)
Warring States Period, 404-221 BCE
Intrigues of the Warring States
Zhanguo ce (Chan Kuo Ts'e)
Historical Records
Sima Qian (Ssu-ma Ch'ien), Shiji (Shih chi)
148 states
15 major states
Spring and Autumn violence
540 interstates wars
130 major civil wars
Yu Gong (Yü Kung)
Hua-Xia (Hua-Hsia)
Yi
Ma
Rong (Jung)
Di (Ti)
Hu
Xiongnu (Hsiung-nu)
Qin (Ch'in)
Zhao (Zhao)
Yan (Yen)
