| External Origins | Native Origins | |
|---|---|---|
| Hardware | Bronze? | Agriculture |
| Wheel | Cities | |
| Iron | Commercial economy | |
| Horse domestication | Crossbow | |
| Software | Writing | |
| Administrative and legal systems | ||
| Philosophy of government and warfare |
Administrative bureaucracy
Monetary system
Law code
Written script
Weights and measures
National Geographic Society
Qin-style centralized control in west
Bureaucratic government
Zhou-style feudalism in east
Princedoms occupy 2/3 of country
Prior methods:
Death without heir
Suppression of rebellion
Wudi's methods
Financial demands
White deer skin
Partible Inheritance
Iron, salt, and liquor monopolies
Equable Marketing
“Debate on Salt and Iron,” 81 BCE (Ebrey, pp. 60-63)
Revival of Zhou ideas
Emperor as Son of Heaven
Mandate of Heaven
Cosmological ideas
Portents of changes in mandate
Changyu or shanyu (ch'an-yü)
"Established by Heaven” (Di Cosmo, p. 222, n. 30)
heqin (h'o-ch'in)