S. Song views of Jin and Yuan to the north
Yuan official history
Produced during Ming Dynasty
Social ranking system
Mongols
Semu “People of Various Categories”
Northern Chinese
Southern Chinese
Cultural exchange
Allsen is representative
Religious tolerance
Gender relations
Recent research on Mongol and Inner Asian elites in China
Nativists vs. Assimilationists
100 million, N. Song
120 million, S. Song and Jin combined (1200)
70 million, Yuan (1290)
60 million, Early Ming (1393)
Traditional
Murder and plunder
Census undercount
Mongol appanages in North China?
Ming undercount?
Mongol misunderstanding of agriculture
Ecological impact
1 tumen=10,000 men, 150,000 horses, 1,500,000 sheep
Tax policies
Irregular taxation until ca. 1250
Reforms of Mongke (r. 1251-9)
Disease
Bubonic plague, 1347-52
Climatic cooling
End of dynasty
Grandson of Genghis Khan
Born N. China
Brother of Mongke
Founded Yuan dynasty
Conquered S. Song, 1279
quriltais
civil wars
Hülegü vs. Mamluks
Kamikazee "divine wind"
Insufficient grasslands
Terrain unsuited to cavalry warfare
Waterways
Forests
Mountains
Chinese Infantry
Navy
Siege warfare