Treaty ports
Rise of Shanghai & Hong Kong
“Overseas Devils"
*Taiping, 1850-64
*Nian (Nien), 1851-68
Yunnan Muslim Rebellion, 1855-73
NW Muslim Rebellion, 1862-78
Labor
Fertilizer
Internal migration
Macroregion peripheries
Potatoes
Taiwan
Manchuria
Southwest
Increased landlessness, vagrancy, and banditry
Increased disillusionment among educated elite
Government and military insufficient to meet demands of rising population
Granary system not kept up
Officialdom and army static in size
Manchu banner soldiers go soft?
Opium imported
1842: 33,000 chests
1850: 53,000 chests of opium imported
Silver exports
1821-30: 85,000 kg
1831-40: 372,000 kg
1841-50: 2,900,000 kg
Tax rates in silver remain constant
Cost of silver doubles from 1800-1850
4 Exam failures, 1830-43
Meets missionary, 1836
Delirium, 1837
Spiritual awakening, 1843
Spiritual leader, 1844
Against
Opium-smoking, Gambling, Drinking, Footbinding, Manchus, Polygamy
For
Heterodox Christianity
Egalitarianism
10-20,000 followers, 1850
Military expansion, 1851-53
37,000 followers in 1852
Nanjing captured, 1853-6
Taiping, Nian, Yunnan Muslims, NW Muslims
“Arrow War” of 1860
2nd round of unequal treaties
Embassies in Beijing
Opium legalized
Empress Dowager Cixi
Xianfeng emperor (r. 1851-61)