*Taiping
*Nian
Yunnan Muslims
NW Muslims
“Arrow War” of 1860
Renegotiated Unequal Treaties
Anglo-French punitive attack, 1860
Enforced 1858 Treaty and gained more concessions
Tongzhi Reforms (1861-74)
*Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908)
Wife of Xianfeng emperor (r. 1851-61)
Mother and coregent of Emperor Tongzhi
Tongzhi “Reigned” 1861-74 (ages 5 to 18)
Aunt, coregent (1875-89) and informal regent of Emperor Guangxu
Guangxu “Reigned” 1874-1908 (enthroned at 3)
Office for Management of Business of All Foreign Countries
Prince Gong (co-regent 1861-69)
Wenxiang (1818-76)
Grand Coucilor and Minister of War
Bureaus of Foreign Affairs
Britain
France
Russia
U. S.
Coastal Defense
Customs office
Robert Hart
Foreign language school, 1862
English and French
Became college with modern curriculum in 1867
Lord Zeng Wenzheng (World of Tiny Insect, p. 115-6, n. 13)
Commander of war against Taipings, 1860-64
Encirclement campaign
Hunan Army
Small unit training and discipline
Network of personal loyalties
Ever Victorious Army
Originated in Shanghai
Commanders
Frederick Ward (U.S.)
John Holland and Charles “Chinese” Gordon (Britain)
Led troops from Anhui
Taiping Rebellion
Stationed in Jiangsu
Nian rebellion
Encirclement campaign, 1868
Organized anti-Taiping army in Hunan
Taiping campaigns, 1860-64
Stationed in Zhejiang
Muslim uprising in the NW, 1866-73
*Jiangnan Arsenal, Shanghai, 1865
Zeng Guofan
Yung Wing
Guns, canons and ships
Translation bureau
Fuzhou Arsenal, 1866
Zuo Zongtang
Naval school
Nanjing Arsenal, 1867
Tianjin Arsenal, 1870
Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili
Initiated 90% of total Qing reform projects, 1872-88
Ulysses S. Grant and Li Hongzhang in Tianjin, 1879
Grant said Li was “probably the most intelligent and most advanced ruler—if not man—in China.”
Li said, “General Grant and I have suppressed the two greatest rebellions known in history.”