How were political loyalties expressed to the emperor under the Ming and Qing dynasties?
What is nationalism? Why does it begin to become prevalent in China around 1900?
Subjects loyal to emperor and dynasty
Multiple ethnicities
Manchu
Han Chinese
Mongol
Local loyalties
Was there nationalism under the Qing monarchy?
Citizens loyal to nation
Ideal of cultural unity
Common language, customs, and/or history
Ethnic minorities?
Foreign threats cause alarm
Political and economic imperialism of 19th century
Opium Wars, Sino-French War, Sino-Japanese War, Scramble for concessions
Missionary activity
Foreign contacts stimulate new ideas
Treaty ports/concessions
Foreign business operations
Newspapers and magazines
Missionary schools
Chinese returned from overseas in China
Yang Changji
Geographic
Treaty ports
Other urban areas (Family)
Rural
Class
Upper (Family)
Lower
Generational (Family)
Youth
Elders
Warfare, human suffering, and economic decline
Intellectual Ferment: Cultural and Political debates (Family)
Canton
Reformist ideas
Radical reinterpretation of Confucius
Constitutional monarchy
Passed jinshi exam, 1895
Advocate for reform in Beijing
Late Qing factionalism
Conservatives (Empress Dowager Cixi, d. 1908)
Progressives (Emperor Guangxu, d. 1908)
Kang Youwei's influence
Guangxu's reformist edicts, June 11 to September 21, 1898
Modern educational system
Exam system reform
Outdated government offices abolished
Industry promoted
Coup, September 21
Guangxu held under house arrest until his death in 1908
Cixi rules as regent until her death the day after Guangxu
Germany takes Qingdao, 1897
Britain leases Weihaiwei, 1898
Economy in recession
Yantai Annual Cotton Textile Imports (1 picul=133 1/3 lb.)
11,000 piculs of cotton, 1882
156,000 piculs, 1899
1318% increase
Missionaries
Shandong converts, 1900
About 1% of population
15,000 Protestant
50,000 Catholics
Missionary power
Catholics
Extraterritoriality for converts
Bandits become Catholics
Martial arts
Spirit possession
Monkey King
Local self defense in communities with Christians
Loose inter-village networks
No central leadership
Shandong environmental problems
Yellow River flooding, 1898
Drought, 1900
Boxers drift toward Tianjin and Beijing
“Oppose the foreigners, revive the Qing”
Their men are all immoral;
Their women truly vile.
For the Devils it’s mother-son sex;
That serve as the breeding style.
No rain comes from Heaven,
The earth is parched and dry.
And all because the churches,
Have bottled up the sky.
When at last all the Foreign Devils,
Are expelled to the very last man,
The Great Qing, united, together,
Will bring peace to our land.
What are the sources of Boxer ideas? Can they be considered nationalists?
War declaration, June 21, 1900
"Today China is extremely weak. We have only the people's hearts and minds to depend upon. If we cast them aside and lose the people's hearts, what can we use to sustain the country?"
450 taels ($333 million) indemnity
180% of Qing annual budget