Collaboration
Puyi, March 1934
Passive acceptance
Kidnapping and Secret Negotiations
Chiang Kai-shek, Guomindang
Zhang Xueliang (The Young Marshall)
Manchurian Army
Zhou Enlai, Communists
Germany, 1936
Italy 1937
Aristocrat
Pan-Asian nationalist
Shōwa Research Association (Gordon, p. 217)
Kishi Nobusuke
Prime Minister
June 1937-Jan. 1939
National General Mobilization Law, 1938 (Gordon, p. 217)
“Time of national emergency” clause
July 1940- Oct.1941
*Marco Polo Bridge, July 1937
Beijing, Tianjin, late July 1937
Shanghai, August 1937
GMD attempt to bomb Japanese ships, August 1937
Hirohito's speech to Diet, Sept. 4, 1937
{Japan is preoccupied with} “securing peace in Asia through cooperating with China,…{but} China…does not really understand our empire's true intention. To our deep regret they have constantly caused difficulties and problems that have finally resulted in the present incident. Our troops, displaying loyalty and bravery, are suffering hardships solely to make China self-reflect and quickly establish peace in East Asia.”
What seems to be the public rationale for an undeclared war in China?
*"Rape of Nanjing," December 1937
J. Spence, The Search for Modern China, 3rd ed., p. 401
42,000 killed and 20,000 rapes
Chinese figures
Iris Chang, Rape of Nanking (1997)
300,000+ killed, 80,000 rapes
Japanese figures
About 10,000 Chinese soldiers killed
Gordon (p. 210) gives new figure of 40,000
Isolated rapes of women
Wuhan December 1938
SE coast, 1938-9
850,000 soldiers
Chongqing (Chungking)
Burma Road, 1938-1942
Yan’an
*Manchukuo
*“Emperor” Puyi
Mongolian Autonomous Government
Mongol Prince Teh
Provisional Government
Beijing, 1937-1940
Reformed Government
Nanjing
Wang Jingwei
“Anti-Japanese War”
50th Anniversary of end of WW II in 1945
Museum of Japanese War Atrocities
*“China Incident”
Repression of memories of war
Textbooks
Emphasis on victimization