Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

Administration, since ca. 200 BCE

Emperor, "Son of Heaven"

Central bureaucracy in the capital

Six Ministries:

Personnel, Revenue, Rites, War, Justice, and Works

Local administration

Prefectures divided into Counties

Civil service exams

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

Manchus

Manchuria

Manchu conquest of China

Ming disarray

Banner Military system

8 each of Manchus, Mongols, and Chinese

*Kangxi (r. 1661-1722)

Kangxi's conquests

*Taiwan (1683)

*Tibet (1720)

*Qianlong (1736-96/99)

Qianlong's Conquest of Xinjiang (1755-60)

Zunghar Mongols

Study Questions-Lecture/Reading

1. What was the organization of Chinese governments?
2. Who were the Manchus?
3. Why were the Manchus able to gain control of China? Why were they able to expand China's borders?
   

Study Questions-Reading

 The Earth and its Peoples, pp. 421-3, 546-9, 554-62
1. How and why did early Ming China send voyages overseas in the Indian Ocean?

2. According to the textbook, why were land-based empires at a disadvantage compared with European sea-based empires?

3. According to the textbook, why did the Ming go into decline?

4. What kinds of population problems did China have during the Qing dynasty?

 The World that Trade Created, pp. 51-3, 55-7
1. According to Pomeranz, why didn't China rule the seas?
2.  Why were China's cities bigger than Europe's?